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===== Ubuntu 24.04 LTS + Apache2 + PHP installarion and setting =====
^OS|Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS|
^apache2|2.4.58-1ubuntu8.5|
^PHP|PHP 8.3.6|
;!: The PHP and the apache2 version may have changed since this article was written.

==== Installing Apache and Updating the Firewall ====
<code Bash>
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install apache2
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw app list
$ sudo ufw allow in "Apache"
$ sudo ufw status
</code>
===== Ufw setting =====
==== OpenSSH ====
<code Bash>
$ cat /etc/ufw/applications.d/openssh-server
[OpenSSH]
title=Secure shell server, an rshd replacement
description=OpenSSH is a free implementation of the Secure Shell protocol.
ports=22/tcp
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw allow 'OpenSSH'
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw enable
Firewall is active and enabled on system startup
$ sudo ufw status
Status: active

To                         Action      From
--                         ------      ----
OpenSSH                    ALLOW       Anywhere
OpenSSH (v6)               ALLOW       Anywhere (v6)
</code>
If you do not want the sshd to be accessible from outside of your local network, you can do the following:
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw delete allow 'OpenSSH'
Rule deleted
Rule deleted (v6)
$ sudo ufw status
Status: active
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 to any port 22 proto tcp comment 'Allow ssh from local'
Rule added
$ sudo ufw status
Status: active

To                         Action      From
--                         ------      ----
22/tcp                     ALLOW       192.168.1.0/24             # Allow ssh from local
</code>

==== Apache2 ====
<code Bash>
$ cat /etc/ufw/applications.d/apache2-utils.ufw.profile
[Apache]
title=Web Server
description=Apache v2 is the next generation of the omnipresent Apache web server.
ports=80/tcp

[Apache Secure]
title=Web Server (HTTPS)
description=Apache v2 is the next generation of the omnipresent Apache web server.
ports=443/tcp

[Apache Full]
title=Web Server (HTTP,HTTPS)
description=Apache v2 is the next generation of the omnipresent Apache web server.
ports=80,443/tcp
</code>
So, you should do one of these three commands.
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw app info 'Apache'
$ sudo ufw app info 'Apache Secure'
$ sudo ufw app info 'Apache Full'
</code>
Same as the sshd, if you do not want the apache2 to be accessible from outside of your local network, you can do the following:
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw delete allow 'Apache'
$ sudo ufw delete allow 'Apache Secure'
$ sudo ufw delete allow 'Apache Full'
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw delete allow 'Apache'
$ sudo ufw delete allow 'Apache Secure'
$ sudo ufw delete allow 'Apache Full'
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 to any port 80 proto tcp comment 'Allow http from local'
$ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 to any port 443 proto tcp comment 'Allow https from local'
</code>
==== enable ufw ====
<code Diff>
$ sudo ufw enable
Firewall is active and enabled on system startup
</code>
==== Set to start ufw on boot ====
<code Diff>
$ git diff /etc/ufw/ufw.conf
diff --git a/etc/ufw/ufw.conf b/etc/ufw/ufw.conf
index 8336b91..28fe534 100644
--- a/etc/ufw/ufw.conf
+++ b/etc/ufw/ufw.conf
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@

# Set to yes to start on boot. If setting this remotely, be sure to add a rule
 # to allow your remote connection before starting ufw. Eg: 'ufw allow 22/tcp'
-ENABLED=no
+ENABLED=yes

# Please use the 'ufw' command to set the loglevel. Eg: 'ufw logging medium'.
 # See 'man ufw' for details.
</code>

http://localhost\\
The default Ubuntu 24.04 Apache web page is there for informational and testing purposes.

==== Installing PHP ====
<code Bash>
$ sudo apt-get install php libapache2-mod-php
</code>
<code Bash>
$ php --version
PHP 8.3.6 (cli) (built: Dec  2 2024 12:36:18) (NTS)
Copyright (c) The PHP Group
Zend Engine v4.3.6, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies
    with Zend OPcache v8.3.6, Copyright (c), by Zend Technologies
</code>
<code Bash>
$ apt list 2>/dev/null |grep -e "^php.*installed"
php-common/noble,now 2:93ubuntu2 all [installed,automatic]
php8.3-cli/noble-updates,noble-security,now 8.3.6-0ubuntu0.24.04.3 amd64 [installed,automatic]
php8.3-common/noble-updates,noble-security,now 8.3.6-0ubuntu0.24.04.3 amd64 [installed,automatic]
php8.3-opcache/noble-updates,noble-security,now 8.3.6-0ubuntu0.24.04.3 amd64 [installed,automatic]
php8.3-readline/noble-updates,noble-security,now 8.3.6-0ubuntu0.24.04.3 amd64 [installed,automatic]
php8.3/noble-updates,noble-security,now 8.3.6-0ubuntu0.24.04.3 all [installed,automatic]
php/noble,now 2:8.3+93ubuntu2 all [installed]
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo apt-get install php-xml # (for Dokuwiki)
</code>

==== Create user wweb ====
:!: You can change the user name whatever you want.
<code Bash>
$ sudo adduser wweb
$ sudo usermod -aG sudo wweb
$ sudo usermod -aG wweb pctr # replace pctr with your main account's group name
</code>

==== Creating a Virtual Host for your Website ====
<code Bash>
$ sudo -p mkdir /home/wweb/www/html # instead of (sudo mkdir -p /var/www/your_domain)
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo chown -R wweb:wweb /home/wweb/www/html # instead of (sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/your_domain)
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/wweb.conf # instead of (sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf)
</code>
====/etc/apache2/sites-available/your_domain.conf====
<code Bash>
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName your_domain
    ServerAlias www.your_domain 
    ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
    DocumentRoot /var/www/your_domain
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
</code>
:!: ServerAdmin Directive in Apache2 is deprecated.
=== ServerName Directive ===
<code Bash>
Syntax:	ServerName [scheme://]domain-name|ip-address[:port]
 ex)
ServerName www.example.com
</code>
Or try this.
<code Bash>
$ cat /etc/hostname
ubuntupctr
</code>
Then
<code Bash>
ServerName ubuntupctr
</code>
is enough.

====/etc/apache2/sites-available/wweb.conf====
<code Bash>
<VirtualHost *:80>
	ServerName ubuntupctr
	ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
	#DocumentRoot /var/www/html
	DocumentRoot /home/wweb/www/html
	ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
	CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
</code>
To set the 'ServerName' directive globally in Apache, edit the /etc/apache2/apache2.conf file and add the line ServerName your.server.ip.address or ServerName your.domain.name under the global configuration section. After saving the changes, restart Apache using sudo systemctl restart apache2 to apply the configuration.
<code Bash>
So, Add a line containing "ex) ServerName 127.0.0.1" to the end of the file:
</code>
===/etc/apache2/apache2.conf====
End of file:
<code Bash>
ServerName ubuntupctr
</code>
====/etc/apache2/envvars====
<code Diff>
$ cgit diff etc/apache2/envvars
diff --git a/etc/apache2/envvars b/etc/apache2/envvars
index 708d170..a863276 100644
--- a/etc/apache2/envvars
+++ b/etc/apache2/envvars
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ fi
 # Since there is no sane way to get the parsed apache2 config in scripts, some
 # settings are defined via environment variables and then used in apache2ctl,
 # /etc/init.d/apache2, /etc/logrotate.d/apache2, etc.
-export APACHE_RUN_USER=www-data
-export APACHE_RUN_GROUP=www-data
+export APACHE_RUN_USER=wweb
+export APACHE_RUN_GROUP=wweb
 # temporary state file location. This might be changed to /run in Wheezy+1
 export APACHE_PID_FILE=/var/run/apache2$SUFFIX/apache2.pid
 export APACHE_RUN_DIR=/var/run/apache2$SUFFIX
</code>
==== enable your virtual host sites: ====
<code Bash>
$ sudo a2ensite wweb.conf
Enabling site wweb.
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
  systemctl reload apache2
</code>
disable the default site defined in 000-default.conf
<code Bash>
$ sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
Site 000-default disabled.
To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
  systemctl reload apache2
</code>
Look at the current list of virtual hosts:
<code Bash>
$ apache2ctl -S
VirtualHost configuration:
*:80                   win11kan (/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/wweb.conf:1)
ServerRoot: "/etc/apache2"
Main DocumentRoot: "/var/www/html"
Main ErrorLog: "/var/log/apache2/error.log"
Mutex watchdog-callback: using_defaults
Mutex default: dir="/var/run/apache2/" mechanism=default
Mutex mpm-accept: using_defaults
PidFile: "/var/run/apache2/apache2.pid"
Define: DUMP_VHOSTS
Define: DUMP_RUN_CFG
User: name="wweb" id=1001 not_used
Group: name="wweb" id=1001 not_used
</code>

==== DirectoryIndex on Apache ====
====/etc/apache2/mods-enabled/dir.conf====
<code Bash>
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.cgi index.pl index.xhtml index.htm
</code>

====/etc/apache2/apache2.conf====
<code Diff>
$ cgit diff /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
diff --git a/etc/apache2/apache2.conf b/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
index 2410e6d..b943101 100644
--- a/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
+++ b/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
@@ -167,9 +167,9 @@ Include ports.conf
        Require all granted
 </Directory>

-<Directory /var/www/>
-       Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
-       AllowOverride None
+<Directory /home/wweb/www/>
+       Options Indexes FollowSymLinks execCGI
+       AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
 </Directory>
</code>

====/etc/apache2/conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf====
<code Diff>
$ cgit diff /etc/apache2/conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
diff --git a/etc/apache2/conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf b/etc/apache2/conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
index ae660b1..19fa042 100644
--- a/etc/apache2/conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
+++ b/etc/apache2/conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
        </IfModule>

<IfDefine ENABLE_USR_LIB_CGI_BIN>
-               ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/lib/cgi-bin/
-               <Directory "/usr/lib/cgi-bin">
+               ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /home/wweb/www/html/dokuwiki/
+               <Directory "/home/wweb/www/html">
                        AllowOverride None
                        Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
                        Require all granted
</code>
====/etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf====
<code Bash>
		# DocumentRoot /var/www/html
		DocumentRoot /home/wweb/www/html
</code>
====configuration test and restart apache2====
test for configuration errors:
<code Bash>
$ sudo apache2ctl configtest
Syntax OK
</code>
reload Apache so these changes take effect:
<code Bash>
$ sudo systemctl restart apache2
$ sudo systemctl status apache2
$ sudo systemctl status apache2
● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
     Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Tue 2025-02-25 20:27:32 JST; 5s ago
     .....
or
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 status
</code>

===== Enabling SSL =====
make wweb_ssl.conf from 000-default.conf

/etc/apache2/sites-available/wweb_ssl.conf
--
<code Bash>
<VirtualHost *:443>
        ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost

DocumentRoot /home/wweb/www/html

ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
        CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

SSLEngine on

SSLCertificateFile      /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
        SSLCertificateKeyFile   /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key

<FilesMatch "\.(?:cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
                SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
        </FilesMatch>
        <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
                SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
        </Directory>
</VirtualHost>
</code>
--
<code Bash>
$ sudo a2ensite wweb_ssl.conf
$ sudo a2enmod ssl
$ sudo systemctl reload apache2
</code>
<code Bash>
a2enmod
script that enables the specified module within the apache2 configuration. It does this by creating symlinks within  /etc/apache2/mods-enabled.
a2dismod
disables a module by removing those symlinks. 
</code>
If you want to use self-signed certificates, you should install the ssl-cert
package (see below). Otherwise, just adjust the SSLCertificateKeyFile and
SSLCertificateFile directives in '/etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf'
to point to your SSL certificate.

Then restart apache:
<code Bash>
$ sudo systemctl restart apache2
</code>

===== Creating self-signed SSL certificates =====
<code Bash>
$ apt list --installed 2>/dev/null | grep -i ssl-cert
ssl-cert/noble,now 1.1.2ubuntu1 all [installed,automatic]
</code>
If it isn't installed
<code Bash>
$ sudo apt install ssl-cert
</code>
If you install the ssl-cert package, a self-signed certificate will be

automatically created using the hostname currently configured on your computer.
<code Bash>
        SSLCertificateFile      /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
        SSLCertificateKeyFile   /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
</code>
You can recreate that certificate (e.g. after you have changed '/etc/hosts' or

DNS to give the correct hostname) as user root with:
<code Bash>
$ make-ssl-cert generate-default-snakeoil --force-overwrite
</code>

To create more certificates with different host names, you can use

make-ssl-cert /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay.cnf /path/to/cert-file.crt

This will ask you for the hostname and place both SSL key and certificate in
the file '/path/to/cert-file.crt'. Use this file with the SSLCertificateFile
directive in the Apache config (you don't need the SSLCertificateKeyFile in
this case as it also contains the key). The file '/path/to/cert-file.crt'
should only be readable by root. A good directory to use for the additional
certificates/keys is '/etc/ssl/private'.

make
/usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay_wweb.cnf from /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay.cnf
<code Bash>
$ sudo cp /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay.cnf /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay_wweb.cnf
</code>
<code Bash>
$ diff -c /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay.cnf /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay_wweb.cnf
*** /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay.cnf      2023-10-01 13:19:41.000000000 +0900
--- /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay_wweb.cnf 2025-02-25 22:37:05.706472564 +0900
***************
*** 6,19 ****
  default_bits            = 2048
  default_keyfile         = privkey.pem
  distinguished_name      = req_distinguished_name
  prompt                  = no
  policy                        = policy_anything
  req_extensions          = v3_req
  x509_extensions         = v3_req

[ req_distinguished_name ]
! commonName                      = @HostName@

[ v3_req ]
  basicConstraints        = CA:FALSE
  subjectAltName          = @SubjectAltName@
--- 6,27 ----
  default_bits            = 2048
  default_keyfile         = privkey.pem
  distinguished_name      = req_distinguished_name
+ attributes              = req_attributes
  prompt                  = no
  policy                        = policy_anything
  req_extensions          = v3_req
  x509_extensions         = v3_req

[ req_distinguished_name ]
! countryName             = JP
! commonName              = ubuntupctr

[ v3_req ]
  basicConstraints        = CA:FALSE
  subjectAltName          = @SubjectAltName@
+
+ [ req_attributes ]
+ challengePassword        = A challenge password
+ challengePassword_min    = 4
+ challengePassword_max    = 20
+
</code>

<code Bash>
$ make-ssl-cert [OPTION]... template output-certificate
</code>
^--force-overwrite|Always create a new certificate, even if the file already exists. |
So,
<code Bash>
$ sudo make-ssl-cert --force-overwrite /usr/share/ssl-cert/ssleay_wweb.cnf /etc/ssl/private/wweb_cert-file.crt
Package configuration
┌────────┤ Configure an SSL Certificate. ├───────────┐
│ Please enter the host name to use in the SSL certificate.               │
│                                                                         │
│ It will become the 'commonName' field of the generated SSL certificate. │
│                                                                         │
│ Host name:                                                              │
│                                                                         │
│ localhost_______________________________________________________________│
│                                                                         │
│                   <Ok>                       <Cancel>                   │
└────────────────────────────────────┘

┌────────────────┤ Configure an SSL Certificate. ├──────────────────────┐
│ Please enter any additional names to use in the SSL certificate.                                              │
│                                                                                                               │
│ It will become the 'subjectAltName' field of the generated SSL certificate.                                   │
│                                                                                                               │
│ Multiple alternative names should be delimited with comma and no spaces. For a web server with multiple DNS   │
│ names this could look like:                                                                                   │
│                                                                                                               │
│ DNS:www.example.com,DNS:images.example.com                                                                    │
│                                                                                                               │
│ A more complex example including a hostname, a WebID, an email address, and an IPv4 address:                  │
│                                                                                                               │
│ DNS:example.com,URI:http://example.com/joe#me,email:me@example.com,IP:192.168.7.3                             │
│                                                                                                               │
│ Alternative name(s):                                                                                          │
│                                                                                                               │
│ DNS:ubuntupctr,URI:ubuntupctr,email:your_mail@address.com,IP:192.168.1.2_____________________________________ │
│                                                                                                               │
│                                <Ok>                                    <Cancel>                               │
│                                                                                                               │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
</code>
<code Bash>
$ sudo ll /etc/ssl/private/ | grep wweb_cert-file.crt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root       18 Feb 25 23:23 9ae71ddb.0 -> wweb_cert-file.crt
-rw------- 1 root root     2896 Feb 25 23:23 wweb_cert-file.crt
</code>

For reference, Invoked with "generate-default-snakeoil":
<code Bash>
$ make-ssl-cert generate-default-snakeoil --force-overwrite
</code>
will generate:
<code Bash>
/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
and
/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key.
</code>

'openssl req' command primarily creates and processes certificate requests (CSRs) in PKCS#10 format.
It can additionally create self-signed certificates for use as root CAs for example.
<code Bash>
$ sudo openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout wweb_server.key -out wweb_server.csr
......+....+.....+.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*.+...+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*.+.+..+.+..+....+.....+.+..+............................+.....+....+.....+....+..+....+.........+.....+....+.....+............+.+..+.+..+....+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
..+........+.......+......+.....+..........+..+.+..+.........+....+..+...+.......+..+.+.....+.+...+...+..+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*...+...+...+..............+.+.....+.........+...+....+...+.....+.......+.....+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*....+......+........+......+...................+..+.............+.................+.........+...+.......+.....+...+.+..+...+.+.....+.+........+..........+.....+....+..+....+......+...........+.......+.....+.+..+..........+.........+........+.............+..+..........+..+.+...+..+............+...+....+.....+...+.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:JP
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Tokyo
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Shinjuku-ku
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:PCTResearch
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Security
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:ubuntupctr
Email Address []:your_mail@address.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:********
An optional company name []:
</code>

<code Bash>
$ sudo mv wweb_server.key /etc/ssl/private/
$ sudo openssl x509 -req -signkey /etc/ssl/private/wweb_server.key -in wweb_server.csr -out wweb_server.crt
Certificate request self-signature ok
subject=C = JP, ST = Tokyo, L = Shinjuku-ku, O = PCTResearch, OU = Security, CN = ubuntupctr, emailAddress = your_mail@address.com
$ sudo mv wweb_server.csr wweb_server.crt /etc/ssl/certs/
</code>

<code Bash>
$ sudo ls -la /etc/ssl/private/ | grep wweb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root       18 Feb 25 23:23 9ae71ddb.0 -> wweb_cert-file.crt
-rw------- 1 root root     2896 Feb 25 23:23 wweb_cert-file.crt
-rw------- 1 root root     1708 Feb 25 23:36 wweb_server.key
</code>
<code Bash>
$ ll /etc/ssl/certs | grep wweb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   1342 Feb 25 23:44 wweb_server.crt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   1106 Feb 25 23:41 wweb_server.csr
</code>

The following sections are for reference.

==== How to create a self-signed PEM file ====
Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) files are concatenated certificate containers frequently used in certificate installations when multiple certificates that form a complete chain are being imported as a single file. They are a defined standard in RFCs 1421 through 1424. They can be thought of as a layered container of chained certificates. A .pem file is a container format that may just include the public certificate or the entire certificate chain (private key, public key, root certificates):

<code Bash>
Private Key
Server Certificate (crt, puplic key)
(optional) Intermediate CA and/or bundles if signed by a 3rd party
</code>

<code Bash>
$ sudo openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem
</code>

==== How to create a PEM file from existing certificate files that form a chain ====
(optional) Remove the password from the Private Key by following the steps listed below:
<code Bash>
$ openssl rsa -in server.key -out nopassword.key
</code>
Note: Enter the pass phrase of the Private Key.

Combine the private key, public certificate and any 3rd party intermediate certificate files:
<code Bash>
$ cat nopassword.key > server.pem
$ cat server.crt >> server.pem
</code>
Note: Repeat this step as needed for third-party certificate chain files, bundles, etc:
<code Bash>
cat intermediate.crt >> server.pem
</code>

==== logs of apache2  ====
/etc/apache2/envvars
<code Bash>
export APACHE_LOG_DIR=/var/log/apache2$SUFFIX
</code>
/etc/apache2/sites-available/wweb.conf
<code Bash>
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</code>
<code Bash>
/var/log/apache2/
access.log
error.log
</code>

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